Ken Browne - Sociology for AS AQA
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Multiple choice quiz 5
Which
two
of the following statements are features of positivist approaches in sociology?
1) Human behaviour is not simply a response to external forces acting on people
2) Human behaviour is unpredictable
3) Sociologists should concern themselves with the study of social facts
4) Society can be studied using scientific techniques similar to those used in the natural sciences
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 1 & 4
Which
two
of the following methods of data collection are most likely to be used by positivist researchers?
a) Social surveys & postal questionnaires
b) Participant observation & postal questionnaires
c) Unstructured interviews & participant observation
Which
one
of the following best describes quantitative data?
a) Data that reveals the meanings behind people’s actions
b) Data collected by the government using social surveys
c) Data that can be measured in some way and expressed in statistical or number form
d) Data concerned with the description and interpretation of people’s feelings
Verstehen means:
a) researchers avoiding personal involvement with the subjects of research
b) researchers emphasizing the importance of statistical data as evidence
c) researchers trying to gain insights by putting themselves in the position of those being studied
Which
two
of the following statements are features of interpretivist approaches in sociology?
1) Understanding human behaviour involves exploring the interpretations and meanings people give to their actions
2) Human behaviour is not simply a response to external forces acting on people
3) Sociologists should concern themselves with the study of social facts
4) Society can be studied using scientific techniques similar to those used in the natural sciences
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 1 & 4
Which
two
of the following research methods are most likely to be used by interpretivist researchers?
a) Social surveys & participant observation
b) Participant observation & use of personal accounts given in diaries and letters
c) Participant observation & postal questionnaires
Which
one
of the following best describes qualitative data?
a) Data describing people’s feelings, meanings and interpretations
b) Official statistics published by the government
c) Data expressed in statistical or number form
In comparing positivism and interpretivism, which of the following statements are true
1) Positivists are more likely to use qualitative data
2) Positivists are more likely to collect statistical data using surveys
3) Interpretivists are more likely to use unstructured interviews
4) Interpretivists are more likely to carry out macro or large-scale studies
5) Interpretivists are more likely to use official statistics
6) Positivists are more likely to carry out micro or small-scale case studies
a) None of them
b) 1
c) 2 & 3
d) 4, 5 & 6
e) All of them
Reliability in social research refers to:
a) the extent to which researchers are trustworthy and do what they say they do
b) the extent to which researchers give a true account of their findings
c) the extent to which researchers can obtain similar results over and over again using the same methods on the same or a similar group
Validity in social research refers to:
a) the extent to which research gives an accurate or true picture of what is being studied
b) the extent to which research can be repeated and still achieve the same results
c) the extent to which the researcher remains detached from those being researched
Acting ethically in social research refers to which
two
of the following?
1) Not allowing the findings of sociological research to offend those who cooperated in the research
2) Ensuring that those who are being researched are not individually harmed by the research
3) Where possible, ensuring those being researched know what the research is about and have given their informed consent
4) Concealing results that conflict with either the values of the researcher or those being researched
a) 1 & 2
b) 1 & 4
c) 2 & 3
d) 3 & 4
Which one of the following is the best way of avoiding harmful consequences for those who cooperate in research?
a) Not publishing findings which show the subjects of research in a poor light
b) Making sure individuals or groups in published research cannot be identified
c) Making sure individuals or groups don’t know you’re doing research
Primary data is:
a) data collected by sociological researchers themselves
b) data collected by others and used by sociological researchers
c) data in statistical or number form
Which
two
of the following are qualitative secondary sources?
a) Official crime statistics; Newspapers and diaries
b) Newspapers and diaries; Published figures on the numbers of unemployed
c) TV programmes; Surveys of prescriptions dispensed in the health service
d) Published figures on the numbers of unemployed; Official crime statistics
e) Newspapers and diaries; TV programmes
A hypothesis is:
a) a form of experiment used by sociologists
b) an idea which a sociologist might explore through research
c) a research method used in social surveys
The Hawthorne effect refers to:
a) bias in research arising from the values of the sociologist
b) research that collapses because those being researched withdraw their cooperation
c) where those being researched change their normal behaviour because they know they are the focus of research
Experiments are often not seen as appropriate in sociological research for which
two
of the following reasons?
1) Because people are unlikely to give their permission
2) Because they don’t enable comparisons to be made with other similar research
3) Because it is often difficult to isolate the causes of social events in the small-scale setting of an experiment
4) Because in experimental conditions people may not behave the way they normally do
a) 4 & 3
b) 4 & 2
c) 4 & 1
d) 3 & 2
e) 3 & 1
Representativeness in social research refers to which
two
of the following?
1) Whether the group being researched has similar characteristics to the wider population being investigated
2) Whether the group being researched is responding honestly to questions asked
3) Whether the group being investigated has been asked for its agreement
4) Whether the findings of a piece of research can be generalized to other sections of the survey population
a) 4 & 3
b) 4 & 2
c) 4 & 1
d) 3 & 2
e) 3 & 1
Which one of the following sampling methods is least likely to produce a representative sample?
a) Random sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Cluster sampling
d) Snowball sampling
A ‘leading question’ is:
a) a simple first question to help respondents relax before they are asked more difficult or complex questions
b) a question which encourages respondents to give a particular answer
c) a question which asks some initial details of respondents, like their age and sex
The ‘imposition problem’ when asking questions in sociological research refers to:
a) when researchers unintentionally impose their own views or framework on the people being researched and don’t really get at what respondents think
b) when researchers try to persuade respondents to give the answer they want to hear
c) when researchers continue to impose on respondents even when they have made it clear they don’t wish to take part in research
An interview schedule refers to:
a) the time allowed for the length of an interview
b) the number of interviews a researcher is expected to carry out in a given time period
c) a list of questions for interviewers to ask
Which of the following statements are false?
1) Participant observation produces quantitative data
2) Postal questionnaires are generally used to collect qualitative data
3) Data produced by structured interviews is likely to be more reliable than that produced by participant observation
4) Structured interviews can impose limits on what the respondent may say, limiting their validity
5) Out of postal questionnaires, unstructured interviews, participant observation and secondary data, secondary data is the easiest and cheapest for sociologists to use
6) Out of postal questionnaires, structured interviews, participant observation and secondary data, ethical problems are likely to be greatest in participant observation
a) 1 & 2
b) 2, 3 & 4
c) 3, 4, 5 & 6
d) 2
e) All of them
A focus group refers to:
a) a form of group interview which focuses on one issue or group of closely-related issues
b) a representative group drawn from a survey population for study
c) a group of researchers combining their resources to focus on a single topic
Interviewer bias most closely refers to:
a) the interviewer allowing their own beliefs and values to distort the interview
b) the answers in an interview being influenced or distorted in some way by the presence, appearance or behaviour of the interviewer
c) the interviewer trying to persuade the respondent to give the answer they hope to hear
In participant observation, which one of the following most accurately describes the role of the researcher?
a) Participates in a group by taking on a role and observing what goes on
b) Completely immerses him or herself in a group and becomes a complete member of the group
c) Participates only on the margins of a group and observes from a distance
In participant observation, an overt role is:
a) one where the researcher conceals his or her identity
b) one where the researcher adopts a cover story and conceals only some elements of his or her identity as a researcher from the group being studied
c) one where the researcher reveals to the group being studied her or his true identity and purpose
In participant observation, ‘going native’ refers to:
a) the researcher becoming an observer participating in a group
b) the researcher becoming so involved in a group that she or he loses enough detachment so as to become a non-observing participant
c) the researcher blending effectively into a group enabling more valid insights
A longitudinal study has which one of the following advantages over many other types of sociological research?
a) It produces an in-depth snapshot of the behaviour of a society or group at a particular time
b) It enables the study of how a society or group changes over a period of time
c) It is a relatively quick and cheap way of collecting information
The use of two or more research methods to check the reliability and validity of research evidence is known as:
a) methodological pluralism
b) objectivity
c) triangulation
